On the fauna of Psocoptera of Unguja (Zanzibar) Island (Tanza..

A total of 28 species of 13 families were registered.All species recorded were new records to the Zanzibar autonomous region, ten to Tanzania, eight to East Africa and two (Lepidopsocus pretiosus (Banks, 1942) and Belaphopsocus murphyi Lienhard, 1991) were new to the entire African continent. Original photos of 22 of the found species were provided, some of these species had never been photographed before.


Introduction
The fauna of Psocoptera of the equatorial and tropical Africa is poorly studied. Some areas, such as Angola, South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania and Madagascar, have been studied and many new species have been described. However, extremely many white spots remain with an unclear species composition of Psocoptera from the region. One such unexplored area is the island of Unguja, part of the Zanzibar autonomous region of Tanzania. The only known psocid record from this area is of Psocidus zanzibarensis Pearman, 1934, a species described by a single specimen collected (Pearman, 1934). My aim was to contribute to the knowledge of the fauna of Psocoptera of this area and to the biodiversity in general, providing data for more conservation activities of the unique nature of the island.

Material and methods
All the material was collected from two areas of the east coast of the Unguja Island -north part of the Michamwi Peninsula (many closely situated spots) and at the entrance of the Kuza Cave near the Jambiani Village (Figs 1, 2). Three main habitats were surveyed: mangroves, dry coastal scrubland (Michamwi) and a patch of wet tropical forest (Kuza Cave). The species were identified according to identification keys in monographs or original descriptions (Badonnel, 1955;Broadhead, 1955;Thornton et al., 1972;Broadhead & Richards 1980, 1982Lienhard, 1991, 1998 andother). Distributional data and taxonomy order followed Lienhard (2016).

Results
A total of 28 species of 13 families were registered. All species recorded were new records to the Zanzibar autonomous region, ten to Tanzania, eight to East Africa and two to the entire African continent. Original pictures of 22 of the found species, some of which had never been photographed before, were provided in Fig. 3.

Lepidopsocidae
Thylacella angustipennis Broadhead & Richards, 1982 (Fig. 3 A) Material examined: Michamwi Peninsula: 5.3.2021, sandy coastal area with scrubs, from a pile of old palm leaf mats, S06 07 55.5 E39 29 31.2, 6 m a.s.l., 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Historia naturalis bulgarica 42 (2021) collected by beating over white plastic container. Remarks: The species has been previously known only from its type locality in Kenya from a female specimen (Broadhead & Richards, 1982). The male, which has been found during the present study, is similar in colour with the female but its wings are a little bit more pointed and longer in comparison to the body. New record for Tanzania.

Lepidopsocus pretiosus (Banks, 1942) (Fig. 3 E)
Material examined: Michamwi Peninsula: 28.2.2021, yard of a hotel, on a trunk of Panadanus sp., S06 08 25.9 E39 29 26.4, 3 m a.s.l., 2 ♀♀, collected during night with a head torch by hand and a brush. Remarks: The species is known from Guam, Micronesia, Christmas Island, Indonesia, Melanesia and Polynesia. The morphology of the collected specimens agree with the redescription of Thornton et al. (1972). The specific head pattern of this species is shown in Fig. 3

Historia naturalis bulgarica 42 (2021)
Belaphopsocus murphyi Lienhard, 1991 (Fig. 3 H) Material examined: Michamwi Peninsula: 1.3.2021, scattered bushes and trees, a patch of Panadanus sp., from dry leaves, S06 08 28.5 E39 29 35.0, 6 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, collected by beating over white plastic container; 2.3.2021, scattered bushes and trees, brunches of bushes and trees, S06 08 20.8 E39 29 28.8, 3 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, collected by beating the vegetation. Remarks: This species has been previously known only from its type locality in Singapore. The morphology of the two female specimens collected during the present study fits with the original description of Lienhard (1991) (Fig. 3  H). New record for Africa and second record of this species.
Pachytroctes cf. bicoloripes Badonnel, 1949 (Fig. 3 M) Material examined: Michamwi Peninsula: 1.3.2021, scattered bushes and trees, a patch of Panadanus sp., from dry leaves, S06 08 28.5 E39 29 35.0, 6 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, collected by beating the vegetation; at the entrance of the Kuza Cave, near the Jambiani Village: 5.3.2021, wet forest at the cave entrance, from dry brunches with dry leaves, S06 18 14.5 E39 32 00.9, 25 m a.s.l., 8 ♀♀, collected by beating the vegetation. Remarks: The morphology of the specimens collected from Unguja has some similarities with that of P. bicoloripes mentioned by Badonnel (1955). The species P. bicoloripes has been previously known from the Ivory Coast, Angola, Senegal and India. New record of this genus and family for Tanzania. Badonnel, 1949 (Fig . 3 N) Material examined: Michamwi Peninsula: 1.3.2021, scattered bushes and trees, dry brunches with leaves of a broad leaf tree, S06 08 29.1 E39 29 33.4, 8 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, collected by beating the vegetation. Remarks: Known from West Africa (Congo, Angola, Nigeria and Senegal) and the United Arabian Emirates. New record for East Africa.

Ectopsocidae
Ectopsocopsis spathulata (Ball, 1943) Material examined: Michamwi Peninsula: 4.3.2021, bushes and trees at the tidal zone, brunches of bushes and trees, S06 07 58.5 E39 29 34.3, 8 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, collected by beating the vegetation. Remarks: The species has been previously known only from its type locality in Congo. New record for East Africa. Ball, 1943 (Fig. 3 T) Material examined: Michamwi Peninsula: 2.3.2021, scattered bushes and trees, brunches of bushes and trees, S06 08 20.8 E39 29 28.8, 3 m a.s.l., 7 ♀♀, collected by beating the vegetation; 3.3.2021, bushes near mangroves, brunches of bushes, S06 08 39.1 E39 29 35.6, 7 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, collected by beating the vegetation; 4.3.2021, bushes and trees at the tidal zone, dry brunches with dry leaves, S06 07 58.5 E39 29 34.3, 8 m a.s.l., 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, collected by beating the vegetation; 6.3.2021, yard of a hotel, among Cocos nucifera and Panadanus sp., from a fallen nest of Ploceus subaureus, S06 08 30.5 E39 29 23.5, 57 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, collected by beating the vegetation; at the entrance of the Kuza Cave, near the Jambiani Village: 5.3.2021, wet forest at the cave entrance, from dry brunches with dry leaves, S06 18 14.5 E39 32 00.9, 25 m a.s.l., 2 ♂♂, 24 ♀♀, collected by beating the vegetation. Remarks: The species has been previously known from Congo and Indonesia only on the base of females. Males were collected for the first time during the present study. Their coloration and size did not differ significantly from these of the females. The little difference was that the males had longer wings compared to the body length. New record for East Africa. Broadhead & Richards, 1980 Material examined: Michamwi Peninsula: 2.3.2021, scattered bushes and trees, brunches of bushes and trees, S06 08 20.8 E39 29 28.8, 3 m a.s.l., 2 ♀♀, collected by beating the vegetation; 3.3.2021, bush area on a limestone hill, from brunches of bushes and trees, S06 08 10.2 E39 29 40.3, 33 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, collected by beating the vegetation; 4.3.2021, bushes and trees at the tidal zone, brunches of bushes and trees, S06 07 58.5 E39 29 34.3, 8 m a.s.l., 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, collected by beating the vegetation; at the entrance of the Kuza Cave, near the Jambiani Village: 5.3.2021, wet forest at the cave entrance, from dry brunches with dry leaves, S06 18 14.5 E39 32 00.9, 25 m a.s.l., 2, collected by beating the vegetation. Remarks: The species has been previously known only from continental Tanzania. New record for the Zanzibar autonomous region.

Archipsocus textor Enderlein, 1911
Material examined: Michamwi Peninsula: 2.3.2021, bushes at the periphery of the tidal zone, from brunches of bushes, S06 07 39.4 E39 29 28.2, 2 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, collected by beating the vegetation. Remarks: The species has been previously known from continental Tanzania and Guinea. New record for the Zanzibar autonomous region.
Material examined: Michamwi Peninsula: 28.2.2021, coastal area with bushes and palms, from Poaceae grasses, S06 08 44.1 E39 29 21.2, 14 m a.s.l., 1 nymph, collected by sweep netting. Remarks: The specimen collected is entirely brown, resembling the coloration of Elipsocus ignobilis Broadhead & Richards, 1982 known from continental Tanzania. The greyish-blue colour of its eyes also resembles the species mentioned. New record of this family for the Zanzibar autonomous region.

Pseudocaeciliidae
Mepleres maculatus (Broadhead & Richards, 1982) (Fig. 3 S) Material examined: Michamwi Peninsula: 2.3.2021, scattered bushes and trees, from brunches of bushes and trees, S06 08 20.8 E39 29 28.8, 3 m a.s.l., 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, collected by beating the vegetation Remarks: The species has been previously known only from its type locality in Kenya. It was described by macerated specimens long time preserved in ethanol, so the authors, Broadhead & Richards (1982), did not have the opportunity to describe the head coloration, having specific pattern (Fig. 3 S). New record for Tanzania.

Psocidae
Ptycta kiboschoensis (Enderlein, 1907) (Fig. 3 V) Material examined: Michamwi Peninsula: 28.2.2021, yard of a hotel, on a trunk of Panadanus sp., S06 08 25.9 E39 29 26.4, 3 m a.s.l., 3 ♂♂ (and some more observed, staying in a cluster on the bark), 3 ♀♀, collected by hand and a brush during night with a head torch. Remarks: The species has been previously known only from its type locality in continental Tanzania. New record for the Zanzibar autonomous region.